Human Nature, and Other Sermons

"Human Nature, and Other Sermons" by Joseph Butler is a compilation of early 18th-century sermons that investigate the complexities of human behavior through a lens of moral philosophy, examining how people interact within themselves and with the world, influenced by their sense of right and wrong and their capacity for kindness. Counter to the idea that people are driven by self-interest alone, Butler puts forth the idea that humans are naturally driven to both take care of themselves and show kindness to others, arguing that this dual nature is essential to who we are. Beginning with an opening sermon based on the Book of Romans, Butler makes the case that humans are, by nature, social animals built for individual prosperity, as well as the prosperity of those around them. He highlights that people have inherent tendencies towards goodwill and thoughtfulness, pushing them toward morally sound actions, by creating a comparison between human self-interest and their obligation to their community, claiming that true happiness comes from understanding the connection between the two. Using clear thinking and detailed examples, Butler builds his theory of human nature, connecting morality with inborn desires to act for the betterment of self and others.