Elements of arithmetic

"Elements of Arithmetic" by Augustus De Morgan is a textbook that serves as a guide to arithmetic, emphasizing understanding and logical thinking, positioning it as useful for learners and teachers. This book establishes a strong base in arithmetic ideas, covering operations like adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing, with a focus on mathematical reasoning. The book starts with a preface describing De Morgan's goal, noting the inclusion of appendixes for more advanced learners, and it stresses teaching arithmetic with logic rather than just memorization. Further, the book's initial section explores how counting systems changed over time, providing examples of simple methods evolving into detailed numeral systems, thus providing a clear base for grasping core arithmetic principles.