Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution

"Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution" by P. Kropotkin is a late 19th to early 20th century exploration of how cooperation shapes the natural world. Contrasting his harsh observations of animal life in Eastern Siberia and Northern Manchuria with Charles Darwins's theory, Kropotkin argues that working together is even more important than fighting each other. Kropotkin observed several species and how they depend on one another. His book challenges the idea that evolution is all about competition, instead showing how species that help each other are more likely to survive the hard challenges of nature.